The Over / Under Line On Gambling - 1385 Words

College Football is one of the most gambled on sports throughout the United States each and every year. Many individuals believe that they can make large amounts of money on the knowledge they have of the sport. Many people will bet the game in all different capacities such as the â€Å"line† on the game, which is the amount one team or the other is projected to win by and others will bet something known as the over/under. The over/under will be the main focus of this study, which is, the amount of points that the two teams together will score in the game. This data set will be collected through totals provided by a well-known Las Vegas casino website known as 5 dimes. This survey project will discuss the statistical significance of the over/under line on gambling in college football. The over/under line is the number of points each of the two teams will score within any given football game. For instance, if two teams were to play and the over/under was set at 65.5 point s and the two teams combined for 63 points it would be said that the point total was â€Å"under† the given line and anyone whom had bet under would have won their bet. Likewise, if the teams would’ve combined for 70 points the people whom had bet under would’ve lost. The total differential from the line is not important when it comes down to if the bet has been won or lost. This project will see if there is enough statistical deviation from the average number set for the over/under from the actual pointsShow MoreRelatedTo the Snake by Denise Leverto1157 Words   |  5 PagesIn the poem #8220;To the Snake#8221; the author Denise Levertov use several writing techniques to portray money and gambling. She uses syntax, sound imagery, color imagery, figurative language, and symbolism to represent money and gambling. Symbolism is used cleverly throughout the poem to depict a number of things that would take numerous readings to see. Throughout the poem the sentences are structured so that every other sentence is indented, with exception to the first two and the lastRead More Why People Gamble Essay1643 Words   |  7 Pagescenturies, people have indulged in different types of gambling: poker, horse races, bingo, lottery, and slot machines. Gambling has seduced any and almost everyone between the ages of sixteen and ninety years old. Before turning eighteen, the legal age of casino and horse race admittance, those younger make monetary bets on football and high school stunts. Gambling is even more prevalent today than it was yesterday with the added attraction of on-line casinos, offering jackpot equivalent to twenty yearsRead MoreIs Us Based Online Gambling Under Threat?1629 Words   |  7 PagesArticle 7 – Is US based online gambling under threat? For years, the online gambling industry has fought tooth and nail for the right to have a legal presence in the United States. This is because for all that the country presents in terms of freedom, they still maintain a strong stance against online gambling. It wouldn’t be until 2011 that certain states cleared online gambling, while 47 others still have it on a â€Å"TBC† list. The three states (Delaware, New Jersey, and of course Nevada) who haveRead MoreOnline Casino On The World Of Horror1748 Words   |  7 PagesBlog 28 – Spooky slot games that have spooked us all The world of online slots has always had a lose connection to the world of horror. Over the years many developers have looked to the world of ghosts and ghouls for inspiration, with a selection of entertaining slot games emerging because of this. Given that Friday the 13th has recently rolled around, we’ve taken it upon ourselves to delve into the archives. Through plenty of online casino portal research, we have complied a list of games thatRead MoreThe s Hierarchy Of Needs The Materialism799 Words   |  4 PagesHumans are the most social creatures on earth and what better place to express that then Las Vegas. City where aesthetic satisfaction and quality of life is purely expressed with material behaviors and lines between personal value and choice between tangible and intangible life goals and crossed and at times simply arrested. Scholars view materialism as a type of personality trait that involves personal and societal value. This trait is consumption-based and involve s human demand for materialisticRead MoreGambling in The Bahamas: Should it Be Legalized? 1821 Words   |  7 PagesBahamians about their views on gambling. The referendum asked Bahamians if they supported the regularization and taxation of web shop gaming. As noted in the results, the mass of the Bahamian people voted no against the referendum. Today, the gambling issue has reawakened and Bahamians are now in a fight against the laws of their country. Several Bahamians believe that the law discriminates against Bahamians because it prohibits Bahamians from owning and legally gambling in casinos within in their homelandRead MoreThe Gambling Boom Of San Francisco1141 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough, there weren’t as many tales of quick draw disputes over card games in San Francisco as the city had a reputation for fair games. In fact, the gambling establishments of San Francisco had an air of refinement as the card dealers were required to wear professionally attire. Also, San Francisco was one of the first cities in the west to feature female card dealers. According to the Annals of San Francisco: â€Å"Gambling was the essential amusement -- the grand occupation of many classes. JudgesRead More The Case Against Legalized Gambling Essay1319 Words   |  6 PagesThe gambling industry is a big money maker in America. Gambling institutions exist in many states. These institutions consist of riverboat casinos, Indian reservation casinos, and regular gaming casinos that all accumulate millions of dollars to the state through taxes. This tax money is then used throughout the state for many programs that may include education, health, and road maintenance. The American Gaming Association (AGA) even claims that gambling institutions lower the taxes in many areasRead MoreYggdrasil Gaming Growth Continues With Arrival Of New Cfo931 Words   |  4 Pagesopportunity for massive growth over the coming years. I look forward to being a part of the company’s on-going success story†. Fredrik Elmqvist (Yggdrasil Gaming Chief Executive) shared his excitement when he said, â€Å" As Yggdrasil grows, it is important we assemble a world-class team of executives and Frida is one of the sharpest financial minds in gaming. She will be a huge asset as we continue to expand as a company†. Poland makes amendments to soon to pass online gambling bill It has been rumouredRead MoreMapp Vs. Ohio.1355 Words   |  6 Pagesto the constitution. Under the Fourth Amendment, a court issued warrant along with probable cause was required for search and seizures. The states all had different opinions of the definition of what an unreasonable search or seizure was. Therefore, each state’s enforcement was different. The confusion would soon be over due to the event that occurred on May 23, 1957 in Cleveland, Ohio. Police were looking for a man who was suspected of being involved in illegal gambling, or what was called number

Youth Gang Violence in Australia - 2230 Words

YOUTH GANG VIOLENCE IN AUSTRALIA A report by Sam Brown The legal argument being stated in this report refers to the developing issue of youth gang criminology that has somewhat flourished and further advanced in the suburban areas of Australia since the 1990s. The term ‘gang’ is debated throughout the cases presented to psychological and criminal observers, argued to be diverse in definition because of its variety to identifiers. What causes the most uncertainty towards the issue is the query of the agenda behind youth gang violence, which is a factor that must be taken into consideration in performing action in anticipating further crimes. What the main matter of contention is, the controversy of how can legal acts be committed into†¦show more content†¦With violence occurring outside of education centres, investigations have proven leads originally building and existing within their attending school, just having been provoked outside the institutes. Habitually the breaking news of street or group violence that has any involvement of juveniles and police is distinguished as ‘youth gang activity’ and is repressed accordingly by the police force, even though gang membership might not be the case. Typically viewed upon by stereotypes, assembled from occurrences and news releases in America’s history of gang violence, the law enforcement in the past has taken contentious action against gang suspects but, through observations, police force aggression has been perceived of being at a higher risk of causing resentment from adolescents when dealing with the suspected ‘members’. In fact, severe penalties such as detention have been associated with an increased likelihood of re-offending and a 2002 study showed that young people who went to a youth justice conference were 15-20% less likely to re-offend than young people who went to court for similar offence. A report released by the NSW Ombudsman in 1999 showed that young people are far more likely than adults to be searched and moved on by police. Many organisations, like OxGang Research Network, and other directed projects, such as the Youth Gang: the Australian Experience project, have made it their goal to â €˜study’ the behaviours andShow MoreRelatedJuvenile Offenders And Juvenile Delinquency1610 Words   |  7 PagesPrevention Act. Today, youth gangs exist in nearly every state. A gang is basically an organized group of criminals fill with mostly juveniles. Some different types of gangs are Latin King, Crip, Bloods and etc. One expert estimates that more than 3,875 youth gangs with a total of more than 200,000 gang members are established in the 79 largest U.S. cities. Gang activity has extended beyond the inner city of major population centers into smaller communities and suburbs. Today s gangs are best characterizedRead MoreEssay on Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs in Australia (Received 100%)1664 Words   |  7 PagesOutlaw motorcycle gangs in australia https://c479107.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com/files/10980/width668/y6ccv75q-1337748850.jpg By Brooke Larkins Year 11 2012 http://s1.aecdn.com/images/news/outlaw-motorcycle-gangs-live-hard-die-free-14383_23.jpg ‘Bikie gangs are like any other organisation or club. There are criminals in all walks of life’ Almost 40 motorcycle clubs are linked to criminal activities. These are referred to as outlaw motorcycle gangs. ‘Outlaw’ is not a legal definition; it ratherRead More Violence In American Media Influencing Australian Youth Essay1489 Words   |  6 Pagesanyone. American media is changing the shape of Australian youth. Go out west to even a small Aborigine community and the kids are wearing baseball clothing. Kids in the cities are wearing gang rap clothes and are walking around with their copycat gang hand signals and attitudes. Australia is losing its culture so fast, I envision within 20 years, we will become just like America and it’s mainly because of the media. There is enough violence and crime in the world, without depicting more of it inRead MoreThe City Council s Radar929 Words   |  4 Pagescollection of flats that once hosted a vibrant living environment for poor families in need. However it is now an epicenter of drug abuse and violence with its most vulnerable victims being the next generation of Australia, its children. Tyson and Jai are amongst the many children aged between 10 and 16 who live in and around the area of Redfern. In the lives of these youths, fleeing the police is an everyday occurrence. Could this be part of an overarching social issue that has flown under the City Council’sRead MoreEffective Tactics to Reduce Juvenile School Shootings Essay2779 Words   |  12 Pagessince 1994, high-profile incidents such as school shootings serve to keep the problem of juvenile violence at the forefront of national attention† (Cox et al. 2013). A familiar, long-lasting debate that directly impacts school shootings is the enactment of tougher gun control laws. Before the suggestions of harsher gun control laws are examined, the characteristics of school gun violence, school violence among different geological regions, and patterns of gun acquisition by juveniles must first beRead MoreThe Significance of the Sino-Soviet Confrontation1850 Words   |  7 Pagesregion if it were to be carried out. Western States knew about the potential for communism to spread throughout the world, particularly through South East Asia and created a specific alliance to inhibit its spread. SEATO, a formed alliance between Australia, France, the US, the UK, New Zealand, the Philippines, Thailand and Pakistan was created six years before the time of the Sino-Soviet split. The main effort for SEATO, was to prevent communism spreading through South-East Asia. The US believed South-EastRead More Why There is no Model Family? Essay1291 Words   |  6 Pagesfar from the reality of many modern families. It is so far from reality that the entire definition of â€Å"family† can be skewed into whatever subjective opinion one wants. Cold-blooded, homicidal menaces to society can create a â€Å"family† by forming a gang which may have more inner peace than a dysfunctional blood family. Friends can consider themselves family even when they share no blood ties. Gay couples, single males, and parents of different ethnicities can adopt a child and form the â€Å"legal† definitionRead MoreDisarmament, Demobilization, And Reintegration Of Rebel Groups1729 Words   |  7 Pagesurges the international community to address the issue through Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR). To do so, the global community must shape the effectiveness and improvement of DDR, as well as specific types of rebel groups such as gangs and drug cartels. Jordan believes that by addressing these issues, the international community can assist Latin America in the restriction of the influence and proliferation of rebel groups. Although Jordan is not in close proximity with Latin AmericaRead MoreThe Australian Criminal Justice System Is Shaped Largely by Our Society. Discuss This Statement.1269 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscuss this firstly by explaining how the criminal justice system works in Australia, how the justice system reflects community values and how it relates to today’s society, the budget and staffing levels of agencies of the criminal justice system, how the media influences perceptions of crime therefore affecting the actions of the criminal justice system and finally the public’s opinion of the criminal justice system in Australia. Society is defined as ‘the aggregate of people living together in aRead MoreViolence Among Youth3553 Words   |  15 Pagesgreat nation. In India, 480 million are less than 19 years old. India has 20% of the world’s children. [1] The recent years have seen an unprecedented increase in youth violence, often lethal violence, all around the nation. Anecdotal evidence of increase in violence by young people against women and old people, of road rage, of violence in schools, and other violent actions to get whatever they want is alarming. This epidemic, as many social analysts called it, caused serious concern to both parents

Final Exam Essay Example For Students

Final Exam Essay PhotogrammetryThe first aticle in my review has the following title : Microcomputers and Photogrammetry. A new Tool: The Videoplotter. It was written by Angrad, Ganon, and Nolette. This article describes the prototype of a new type of a new type of instrument called videoplotter which consists of a microcomputer with a high resolution monitor and driven by appropriate software. It shows how stereo-images are stored in a digital form and displayed on a screen on which 3-D measurements and plotting can be achieved, using a stereoscope, digital mapping techniques, and a measuring mark that has the advantage of being part of the image matrix ( Agnard et al., 1165 ). The article gives a full description and use of the videoplotter. We will write a custom essay on Final Exam specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Two main parts are recognized: the Hardware part and the Software part. The hardware of the videoplotter consists of: an IBM-PC XT with 2 floppy disk units, a color monitor, and a mirror stereoscope mounted in front of the monitor. The two stereo images are displayed on the screen and a measuring mark is brought into contact with the corresponding image points, which are observed in 3-D by the poerator ( Agnard er al., 1166 ). The software part is mainly an appropriate program that performs the necessary processing and computation of relative and absolute orientation from the screen-coordinate measurements. Testing of the system was carried out by means of an expeeriment in which a paper diapositives of a model were produced and digitized with an HP Scan-Jet digitizer. An object was then chosen and a rectangular grid was projected on the object. Well-defined points and other targets were placed at different spots on the object. The BC-1 analytical plotter was used to determine the gr ound coordinates of there targets. By comparing the BC-1 ground values with that obtained by the videoplotter, the order of accuracy of the new systemcan be obtained. The final results showed that the accuracy fall within the 1-mm ecpected order of accuracy ( Agnard et al., 1166 ). The article concludes by mentioning some ways to improve the system. More sophisticated software, higher resolution and speed digitizers, higher speed and capacity computers, and higher resolution color monitors are needed to improve the system. The second article has the following title: Digital Terrain Models: An Overview. It was written by F. Doyle. In this article, the definition, origin, acquisition, storage, application, and furure of DTM data, are discussed. The author started by giving the following definition ( Doyle, 1481 ):A Digital Terrain Model ( DTM ) is an ordered array of numbers that represents teh spatial distribution of terrain characteristics. The spatial distribution is represented by an XY horizontal coordinate system and the terrain characteristic which is recorded is the terrain elevation Z. We can use an alternative approach to define position by latitude, longitude, and terrain elevation. The term DTM had its origin in work performed by Prof. C.L. Miller at MIT about 1955-60. A DTM system has four major elements:* Digital Data Acquisition:DTM data can be acquired from existing maps by manuallyor automatically following contour lines using digitiziing tables or by using scanning devices. The second major source of digital data is from photogrammetric steremodels where encoding devices which are bulit in most photogrammetric systems record teh data on paper or magnetic tape. Some photogrammetric instruments are equipped with automatic image correlators, and produce a high density elevation points. Ground surveys are another source of DTM data. Direct source of digital elevation data are radar and laser altimeters carri ed in aircraft and spacecraft and spacecraft ( Doyle, 1482 ). *Digital Data Preprocessing: Acquired DTM data needs extensive computer preprocessing to arrange the data in the appropriate format. Preproceesing includes data editing,format conversion, coordinate transformation, and interpolation ( Doyle, 1483 ). .u8f28be67005a36a35af7e033fc757176 , .u8f28be67005a36a35af7e033fc757176 .postImageUrl , .u8f28be67005a36a35af7e033fc757176 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8f28be67005a36a35af7e033fc757176 , .u8f28be67005a36a35af7e033fc757176:hover , .u8f28be67005a36a35af7e033fc757176:visited , .u8f28be67005a36a35af7e033fc757176:active { border:0!important; } .u8f28be67005a36a35af7e033fc757176 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8f28be67005a36a35af7e033fc757176 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8f28be67005a36a35af7e033fc757176:active , .u8f28be67005a36a35af7e033fc757176:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8f28be67005a36a35af7e033fc757176 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8f28be67005a36a35af7e033fc757176 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8f28be67005a36a35af7e033fc757176 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8f28be67005a36a35af7e033fc757176 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8f28be67005a36a35af7e033fc757176:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8f28be67005a36a35af7e033fc757176 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8f28be67005a36a35af7e033fc757176 .u8f28be67005a36a35af7e033fc757176-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8f28be67005a36a35af7e033fc757176:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Race is ever where Essay* Data Storage and Management: DTM data must be organized so that they can be identified,stored, and retrieved in an efficient manner. The basic storage medium is magnetic tape. In order to mange the date files, they must be croossindexed by content and coverage ( Doyle, 1483 ). * Applications of DTM data:One operation that is involved in the application is, given XY, and asked to find Z. In addition, given an array of XYZ coordinates sets at fixed intervals, plotting to find the value of Z at any other value of XYZ. Some the direct application of DTM are asfollows ( Doyle, 1484 ): 1. Determination of contour lines. 2. generation of profiles. 3. Generation of perspective views. 4. Earthwork calculations. 5. Navigation control system. 6. Terrain simulation. 7. Terrain models. In conclusion, the rapid development in the ability to handle terrain data in completely digital form holds forth the promise of reducing the drudgery of cartographic operations, and of reducing time and cost so that managers and decision makers will know how to make the maximum utility of the resources of the world ( Doyle, 1485 ). REFRENCES*Agrad, J.P.P.A. Gogan, and C. Nolette, (1988). Vol. 54, No. 8, p: 1165-1167. Microcomputers and Pjotogrammetry. A new tool: the Videoplotter. Photogrammetric Engineering and remote Sensing,*Doyle, F.J., (1978).Vol. 44. No. 12, p: 1481-1485. Digital Terrain Models: An Overview. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,*Fussell, J. And D. Rundquist, (1986).Vol. 52, No. 9, P: 1507-1511, On Dfining Remote Sensing. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,*Keating, T.J., (1979).Vol. 45, No. 6, P: 735-740. Digital Orthophoto Production Using Scanning Microdensitometers. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing*Marsy, S.E., (1979).Vol. 45, No. 2, Digital Map Revision. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,P: 193-200. Lin, Hsin-Piao, 1998, Vol. 34, P: 1524-1525, Photograametric prodiction of mobile satellite fading in roadside tree-shadowed environment, Electronics LettersKalkhan, M.A. (1998). Vol. 19, P: 20499-2060, Assessing the accuraxy of Landsat Thematic Mapper classification using double sampling. International Journal of remote Sensing. Fraser, C.S., (1998). P: 37, Some Thoughts on the Emergence of Digital Close Range Photogrammetry. PgreayObaidat, Mohammed Taleb., (1998). P: 3-25, Video system to monitor archeological sites using ground-based photogrammetry. Journal of Surveying Engineering. Mugnier, Clifford J., (1998). Low cost digital image photogrammetry. Journal of Ship Production. Vol. 14, P: 202-213

Concepts of Confucianism and Daoism free essay sample

Concepts of Confucianism and Daoism Author’s Name Institutional Affiliation Abstract Confucianism is seen or viewed as a way of achieving the full potential in persons thus attaining harmony in society and the world through moral cultivation. All Confucians share the conviction that it is possible to transform oneself and all of society through the cultivation of virtue. This paper therefore discusses various concept and assumptions of Confucianism mainly ren, xiao, li and yi and it also touches on Daoism. Concepts of Confucianism and Daoism Confucianism can be defined as a way of achieving the full potential of human life and attaining harmony in society and the world through moral self-cultivation. It is agreed among Confucian thinkers that the cultivation of moral virtues through which a person learns to be fully human is fundamental to human and social well-being. Confucius or Kong Zhongni was born in China where he was well known as Kong Fuzi and by the time he was growing up he personally experienced the poverty, political abuse and hardship that affected the lives of ordinary people. Confucius shared a belief that although the way of humans is established in the way of heaven and operates in harmony with the way of nature it is to the ideals and exemplars of the human way that we must turn to for guidance for the purpose of reforming and renewing the society. Naturalism agrees that it is nature that is taken as the ultimate source of values whereby the human principles for human action and life are taken from nature. On the other hand supernaturalism argues that a being or power other than human beings or nature is taken to be the ultimate source of value. The supernatural being regulates both nature and humans making them subordinates. Humanism is a concept whereby humanity, rather than the nature or God is taken as the ultimate source of values. In humanism people look to the best of their human practices to find the principles that provide for goodness and happiness. The main concepts of Confucianism are those of human goodness (ren), propriety (li), filiality (xiao), and rightness (yi). The word ren has been translated in many different ways to mean â€Å"virtue,† â€Å"humanity,† â€Å"benevolence,† â€Å"true manhood,† â€Å"moral character,† â€Å"love,† â€Å"human-goodness,† and â€Å"human-heartedness† among other meanings. Human-heartedness suggests that ren makes us human because it is a matter of feeling as well as thinking therefore becoming the foundation for all human relationships. This reveals the Chinese emphasis on the heart, rather than the head, as the central feature of the human nature. Confucius understood that the way of humanity is highly personal, lies within each human being, and must be realized in one’s personal life and one’s personal relationships. Confucius once answered his student who asked the definition of ren that it meant the action of loving men. Ren’s ultimate principle of action reveals that a superior man never abandons humanity (ren) even for the lapse of a single meal and in moments of haste he acts according to it and in times of difficulty or confusion he acts according to it. One who departs away from ren is not expressing the fullness of humanity. A resolute scholar and a man of humanity will never seek to live at the expense of injuring humanity and he would rather sacrifice his life at the expense of realizing humanity. It is ren, ultimately that makes life worth living. Conscientiousness or zhong agrees that one has to strive to be the best he or she can be and to do the best one can do while Altruism (shu) consists in putting oneself in place of others, extending ren to all relationships. The way of zhong and shu incorporates the golden rule of Confucius namely treat others as you wish to be treated. It is only through enriching and optimizing human relationships that self and society can achieve their highest perfection. It is observed that ren is the basis of humanity and the ultimate guide to human action, Confucius recognized that more immediate and concrete actions are needed in every day life. The concrete guides to every day human action is found in the rules of propriety (li) governing customs, ceremonies, and relationships established by human practice over the ages. Therefore li is the ceremonial or ritual means by which the potential of humanity i. e ren is realized. On another occasion when Confucius was asked what is ren about he replied by saying to master oneself and return to propriety (li) is humanity (ren). Self-mastery refers to the self-development that overcomes selfishness and cultivates the inner qualities of humanity that include sincerity and personal rectitude. Confucius also believed that if a man can for one day master himself and return to propriety, all under heaven will return to humanity. To practice human is the human choice thus what meks li a standard of conduct is the fact that it is in accord with ren. Therefore customs and regulations cannot be in accordance with ren if they are not li. The individuals own humanity can be evoked and developed through true ren. Embodies of li included ceremonial activities and they were very clear to Confucius as of one day he is said to sigh after a ceremony. Confucius was attached to a remark that li was the principle by which the ancient kings embodied the laws of heaven and regulated the expression of human nature and therefore he who has attained li lives and he who has lost it dies. To understand the importance of li we need to examine the meaning this concept had on Confucius and his predecessors. The word li can be used in many ways to give different meanings and this may include religion; general principle of social order; the entire body of social, moral and religious practices taught by conficius. Li can also be viewed as a system of well defined social relationships with definite attitudes toward one another, love in the parents, filiality in the children, respect in the younger brothers, friendliness in the elder brothers, loyalty among friends, respect for authority among subjects, and benevolence in rulers. Thus li entails moral discipline in personal conduct and also means propriety in everything. Li is that important to Confucius that it must be looked deeply whereby we find that the earliest notion of it is religious where it is concerned with the rights of religious activities performed by the emperor to secure the blessings of Heaven and support of the spirits for his reign. This soon came to denote most emperor’s duties as well as a did range of other rituals, such as marriage, and military and government festivals and therefore the sense in this coincides with amore or less elaborate set of rules and conventions, requiring strict observation for public activities. The second notion of li explains it in terms of customary code of social behavior and in this sense it is customary law, or common morality. Therefore in this particular sense li takes the place of written law though it differs from the written law in that it is positive rather than negative. Li was generally assumed to conform to aristocracy. The last meaning of li describes it as anything proper and conforming to the norms of humanity. All the meanings of li are related and all refer to acts that are public and are ceremonial, acts constituting the important rituals of life for example exchange of greetings between two people or mourning rites for a deceased relative. A ceremony is considered public in the sense that it involves at least two people in relationship with each other. The development of ren is backed by the shared participation in life with other persons who are fundamentally a like in their common human nature. Yu Tzu, a favorite student of Confucius, said, â€Å"filiality (xiao) and brotherly respect are the root of humanity. This is the virtue of reverence and respect for family and firstly parents are revered because life itself is generated from them. Therefore it is important to protect the body from harm just to show reverence to the parents since the body is from these parents. Honoring the parents can be shown by protecting the body. Reverence in bigger part can be shown to parents by doing well and earning them respect. Xiao concentrates in bringing parents emotional and spiritual richness. And, equally important, after parents are dead, their unfulfilled aims and purposes should be the aims and purposes of the children which is even more important than offering sacrifices to the departed spirits. The xiao virtue influences actions outside the family circle and becomes a moral and social virtue. Children acquire love from their brothers and sisters after showing respect and reverence for their parents and when this is accomplished the children can love all humankind thus the beginning of ren was found in xiao. Confucius also stressed another necessary virtue for developing ren and that is yi usually translated as rightness. He argued that the superior man regards rightness (yi) as the substance of everything. Yi tells us about the right way of acting in certain situtions so that we will stay in the same line as ren demands. It mainly deals with morality which determines a person’s ability to recognize what is right and do the right. Confucius viewed this ability in terms of a person’s character or uprightness. Yi talks of morality in that a person who sees an opportunity for personal gain thinks first about whether it will be morally right (yi) to do so. Such a person is able to sacrifice his or her own life for someone in danger. In yi since its morally right action we therefore see that some actions must be performed for the same reason that they are right. Other actions may be performed for the sake of something valuable they bring about i. e. for the sake of profit. This is contrary to the actions performed according to yi which are only performed because they are right. It is evident that li, xiao and yi make the characteristics of a superior person who has both humanity and morality cultivated in him therefore becoming the opposite of the person who is morally uncultivated. Embodiment of ren through li, xiao and yi will result in a well ordered society. Therefore people must have faith or sincerity in these virtues for there to be good governance and harmonious social order. Along with Confucianism, Daoism/Taoism is one of the greatest indigenous philosophical traditions of China. The Daoist ideas and concerns include wuwei meaning effortless action, ziran meaning naturalness, how to become a shengren i. e sage or zhenren i. e realized person and the mysterious Dao meaning way. Daoism is described as a retroactive grouping of ideas and writings which were already at that time one to two centuries old, and which may or may not have been ancestral to various post-classical religious movements. Wing-Tsit a philosopher spoke of Daoist religion as a degeneration of Daoist philosophy arising from the time of celestial masters. Wing – Tsit viewed that Daoist philosophy (daojia) and Daoist religion (daojiao) are absolutely different traditions and therefore trying to separate the two is more of the western frame of reference we use than of Daoism itself. The ideas of the Daoist fermented among master teachers who had a holistic view of life. These Daoists practiced meditation and physical exercises, studied nature for diet and remedy, practiced rituals related to their view that reality had many layers and forms with whom/which humans could interact, led small communities, and advised rulers on all these subjects. The teachings of the masters gradually became more available through their masters. Therefore it’s difficult to separate Daoism from religion or philosophy since it is evident in both. Daoism is clearly understood in Chinese language since it originates in China. References Koller M. J. (2006). Asian Philosophies.